The purpose of this report is to follow up on the two previous publications by updating readers on the current NPS and (pre)precursor situation from a judicial perspective. Although legislative developments in different Member States have provided solutions for prosecuting NPS and (pre)precursor cases, some of the challenges identified in the past are still valid. The main issue remains keeping pace with the development of new substances and how to prosecute serious crossborder NPS and (pre)precursor cases when the produced or trafficked substance is legal in one or more involved Member States. This report focuses on the latest judicial developments and operational experience gained after the publication of the 2016 report on prosecuting NPS and (pre)precursor cases.